HYPRTCKRs GUTAA FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES TABLE (12-15-20_21) NAME/SYMBOL ENERGY EQUIV./COUL^2 CHARGE Q(e) SPIN GROUP/FAMILY CLASS MEAN LIFETIME (sec) CHEM.BOND PHOTON (γ) 0, (<1×10⁻¹⁸ eV/c²) 0 ** (<1×10⁻³⁵) 1 ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE CARRIER BOSON STABLE POLAR IONIC GLUON (g) 0, (< 0.0002 eV/c²) 0 **, 0e 1 FINITE STRONG FORCE CARRIER BOSON STABLE POLAR IONIC 1eV = 1.782662x10^-36 Kg = 1.60217656535x10^-19 Joules = particle of charge "q" has energy "E=qV" after passing thru potential V - - ELECTRON NEUTRINO (νe) <2.2 eV (2.19 eV) 0 1/2 LEPTON FERMION STABLE NEUTRAL COVALENT MUON NEUTRINO (νμ) <.17 MeV(.168 MeV) 0 1/2 LEPTON FERMION STABLE NEUTRAL COVALENT ELECTRON (e-) 0.511 MeV -1 1/2 LEPTON FERMION STABLE NEUTRAL COVALENT UP QUARK (u) ~2.4MeV +2/3 1/2 HADRON QUARK FERMION STABLE POLAR IONIC DOWN QUARK (d) ~4.8 MeV -1/3 1/2 HADRON QUARK FERMION STABLE POLAR IONIC TAU NEUTRINO (ντ) <15.5 MeV (15.48 MeV) 0 1/2 LEPTON FERMION STABLE NEUTRAL COVALENT STRANGE QUARK (s) ~104 MeV -1/3 1/2 HADRON QUARK FERMION ~1x10^(-10<->-8) POLAR IONIC MUON (μ) ~105.7 MeV -1 1/2 LEPTON FERMION ~2.20x10^-6 NEUTRAL COVALENT PION0 (π0) ~135.0 0 ** 0 HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~0.83x10^-16 - PION+ (π+) ~139.6 MeV +1 0 HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~2.60x10^-8 - PION- (π-) ~139.6 MeV -1 0 HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~2.60x10^-8 - KAON- (K-) ~493.677 MeV +1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.24x10^-8 - KAON+ (K+) ~493.677 (+0.032) MeV -1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.24x10^-8 - KAON0 (K0) ~497.611 MeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON STRONG EIGENSTATE, NO DEFINITE LIFETIME KAON0 (K0 ANTIPARTICLE) ~497.611 MeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON STRONG EIGENSTATE, NO DEFINITE LIFETIME KAON0s (K-short)(Ks) ~497.648 MeV 0 ** 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~8.958x10^-11 - KAON0l (K-long)(Kl) ~497.648 MeV 0 ** 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~5.18x10^-8 - ETA-MESON (η0) ~547.88 MeV 0 ** 0-+ HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~5.02x10^-19 - RHO+ (ρ+) ~775.4 MeV +1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~4.5x10^-24 - RHO- (ρ-) ~775.4 MeV -1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~4.5x10^-24 - RHO0 (ρ0) ~775.49 MeV 0 ** 1-- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~4.5x10^-24 - RHO OMEGA (ω0) ~782.65 MeV 0 ** 1-- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~7.8x10^-23 - KAON*+ ~891.66 MeV +1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~3.3x10^-23 - KAON*- ~891.66 MeV -1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~3.26x10^-23 - KAON*0 ~895.81 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~1.39x10^-23 - KAON*0 (K*0 ANTIPARTICLE)~895.81 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~1.39x10^-23 - PROTON (p+) ~938.272046 MeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION STABLE (>10^35 YRS.) - NEUTRON (n0) ~939.565379 MeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~881.515 (14.7 MINUTES) - ETA-PRIME MESON (η0') ~957.8 MeV 0 ** 0-+ HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR SCALAR BOSON ~3.32x10^-21 - PHI (φ) ~1.020 GeV 0 ** 1-- HADRON VECTOR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.55x10^-22 - LAMBDA (Λ0) ~1.115683 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~2.632x10^-10 - SIGMA+ (Σ+) ~1.18937 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~8.018×10^−11 - SIGMA0 (Σ0) ~1.192642 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~7.4×10^−20 - SIGMA- (Σ−) ~1.197449 GeV -1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.479×10^−10 - DELTA- (1232) (Δ-) ~1.232±2 GeV -1 ​3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~5.63×10^−24 - DELTA0 (1232) (Δ0) ~1.232±2 GeV 0 ​3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~5.63×10^−24 - DELTA+ (1232) (Δ+) ~1.232±2 GeV +1 ​3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~5.63×10^−24 - DELTA++ (1232) (Δ++) ~1.232±2 GeV +2 ​3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~5.63×10^−24 - CHARM QUARK(c) ~1.29 GeV +2/3 1/2 HADRON QUARK FERMION ~1x10^-13 POLAR IONIC Xi0 Cascade (Ξ0) ~1.31486 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~2.90×10^−10 - Xi- Cascade (Ξ-) ~1.32171 GeV -1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.639×10^−10 - SIGMA (Σ*+)(1385) ~1.3828 GeV +1 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.839×10^−23 - SIGMA (Σ*0)(1385) ~1.3837 GeV 0 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.83×10^−23 - SIGMA (Σ*-)(1385) ~1.3872 GeV -1 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.671×10^−23 - Xi*- RESONANCE (Ξ*- (1530))~1.5350 GeV -1 3/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~6.6x10^-23 - Xi*0 RESONANCE (Ξ*0 (1530))~1.5380 GeV 0 3/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~7.23x10^-23 - OMEGA BARYON (Ω−) ~1.67245 GeV -1 3/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~8.21×10^−11 - (sss) TAU (τ) ~1.777 GeV -1 1/2 LEPTON FERMION ~2.90610x10^-13 NEUTRAL COVALENT D0 MESON (D0) ~1.86484 GeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~4.101×10^−13 - ANTI-D0 MESON (ANTI-D0) ~1.86484 GeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~4.101×10^−13 - D+ MESON (D+) ~1.86961 GeV +1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.040×10^−12 - D- MESON (D-) ~1.86961 GeV -1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.040×10^−12 - ATOM (HYDROGEN:DEUTERIUM)~1.877.349 GeV 0 - CHEMICAL ELEMENT ATOMIC STABLE - Ds+ MESON (Ds+) ~1.96830 GeV +1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~5.00×10^−13 - Ds- MESON (Ds-) ~1.96830 GeV -1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~5.00×10^−13 - D*0 MESON (D*0) ~2.00696 GeV 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON >3.1×10^−22 - ANTI-D*0 MESON (ANTI-D*0)~2.00696 GeV 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON >3.1×10^−22 - D*+ MESON (D*+) ~2.01026 GeV +1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~7.89×10^−21 - D*- MESON (D*-) ~2.01026 GeV -1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~7.89×10^−21 - D*+s MESON (D*+s) ~2.1121 GeV +1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON >3.4×10^−22 - D*-s MESON (D*-s) ~2.1121 GeV -1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON >3.4×10^−22 - CHARMED LAMBDA+c (Λ+c) ~2.28646 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~2.00x10^-13 - CHARMED SIGMA+c (Σ+c) ~2.4529 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION >1.43×10^−22 - CHARMED SIGMA0c (Σ0c) ~2.45374 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~3.05×10^−22 - CHARMED SIGMA++c (Σ++c)~2.45398 GeV +2 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~2.91×10^−22 - CHARMED Xi+ (Ξ+c) ~2.4678 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~4.42×10^−13 - CHARMED Xi0 (Ξ0c) ~2.47088 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.12×10^−13 - CHARMED SIGMA (Σ*+c)(2520)~2.5175 GeV +1 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION >3.87×10−23 - CHARMED SIGMA (Σ*++c)(2520)~2.5179 GeV +2 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~4.42×10−23 - CHARMED SIGMA (Σ*0c)(2520)~2.5188 GeV 0 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~4.54×10−23 - CHARMED Xi+ PRIME (Ξ'+c) ~2.5756 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - CHARMED Xi0 PRIME (Ξ'0c) ~2.5779 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - CHARMED Xi*+c (Ξ*+c) ~2.5757 GeV +1 3/2 HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - CHARMED Xi*0c (Ξ*0c) ~2.5780 GeV 0 3/2 HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.1×10^−13 - CHARMED Xi*+c (2645)(Ξ*+c)~2.6459 GeV +1 3/2 HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION >2.1×10−22 - CHARMED Xi*0c (2645)(Ξ*0c) ~2.6459 GeV 0 3/2 HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION >1.2×10−22 - CHARMED OMEGA (Ω0c) ~2.6975 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~6.9×10^−14 - CHARMED OMEGA(Ω*0c)(2770)~2.7659 GeV 0 3/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - CHARMED ETA-c MESON (ηc)~2.984 GeV 0 ** 0-+ HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSONS ~2.04x10^-23 - PSION(J/ψ)(J/Psi:charmonium)~3.096916 GeV 0 ** 1 HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~0.8x10^-20 - CHI MESON χ_c0(1P) ~3.41475 GeV 0+ 0++ HADRON MESON SCALAR BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - (Full width Γ = 10.5 ±0.6 MeV) CHI MESON χ_c1(1P) ~3.510.66 GeV 0+ 1++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - (Full width Γ = 0.84±0.04 MeV (S = 1.5)) DOUBLE CHARMED Xi (Ξ+cc)~3.5189 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION <3.3x10^-14 - CHI MESON χ_c2(1P) ~3.55620 GeV 0+ 2++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10^-23? - (Full width Γ = 1.93±0.11 MeV) DOUBLE CHARMED Xi (Ξ++cc)~3.62140 GeV +2 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION BETWEEN 5.0x10^-14 & 1.0 x10^-12 (CHI_c0) χc0(3860) ~3.862 GeV 0+ 0++ HADRON MESON SCALAR BOSON 6.3 × 10^-23? - CHI MESON χ_c0(2P) ~3.9184 MeV 0+ (0 or 2++)HADRON MESON SCALAR OR GAUGE BOSON - (χc0(3915)) (Full width Γ = 20±5 MeV (S = 1.1)) CHI MESON χ_c1(2P) UNKNOWN HADRON MESON UNKNOWN ~6.3 × 10^-23? - CHI MESON χ_c2(2P) ~3.9272 MeV 0+ 2++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10^-23? - (Full width Γ = 24±6 MeV) BOTTOM QUARK (b) ~4.2 GeV -1/3 1/2 HADRON QUARK FERMION ~1x10^-12 POLAR IONIC B+ MESON (B+) ~5.27926 GeV +1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.638×10^−12 - B- MESON (B-) ~5.27926 GeV -1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.638×10^−12 - B0 MESON (B0) ~5.27958 GeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.519×10^−12 - ANTI-B0 MESON (ANTI-B0) ~5.27958 GeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.519×10^−12 - B*+ MESON (B*+) ~5.3252 GeV +1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - B*- MESON (B*-) ~5.3252 GeV -1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - B*0 MESON (B*0) ~5.3252 GeV 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - ANTI-B*0 MESON (ANTI-B*0)~5.3252 GeV 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - B0s MESON (B0s) ~5.36677 GeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.512×10^−12 - ANTI-B0s MESON (ANTI-B0s)~5.36677 GeV 0 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~1.512×10^−12 - B*0s MESON (B*0s) ~5.4154 GeV 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - ANTI-B*0s MESON (ANTI-B*0s)~5.4154 GeV 0 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - B*+c MESON (B*+c) UNKNOWN +1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - B*-c MESON (B*-c) UNKNOWN -1 1- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON UNKNOWN - BOTTOM LAMBDA0b (Λ0b) ~5.6194 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.429×10^−12 - BOTTOM Xi0b (Ξ0b) ~5.7878 GeV 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.42x10^-12 - (CASCADE-B)(usb) BOTTOM Xi-b (Ξ−b) ~5.7929 GeV -1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.54×10^−12 - (CASCADE-B)(dsb) BOTTOM SIGMA+b (Σ+b) ~5.8113 GeV +1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~6.8×10^−23 - BOTTOM SIGMA0b (Σ0b) UNKNOWN 0 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - BOTTOM SIGMA-b (Σ−b) ~5.8155 GeV -1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.34×10^−22 - BOTTOM SIGMA (Σ*+b) ~5.8321 +1 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~5.7×10^−23 - BOTTOM SIGMA (Σ*0b) UNKNOWN 0 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - BOTTOM SIGMA (Σ*-b) ~5.8351 -1 3⁄2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~8.8×10^−23 - BOTTOM Xi-b PRIME (Ξ'−b) ~5.93502 GeV -1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - (CASCADE-B)(dsb) BOTTOM Xi-b RESONANCE (Ξ*−b)~5.95533 GeV -1 3/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION UNKNOWN - (CASCADE-B)(dsb) BOTTOM OMEGA (Ω−b) ~6.0544 GeV -1 1/2+ HADRON BARYON/HYPERON FERMION ~1.13×10^−12 - B+c MESON (B+c) ~6.2756 GeV +1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~4.52×10^−13 - B-c MESON (B-c) ~6.2756 GeV -1 0- HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON ~4.52×10^−13 - BOTTOM ETA-b MESON (ηb) ~9.391 GeV 0 ** 0-+ HADRON PSEUDOSCALAR MESON SCALAR BOSON UNKNOWN - UPSILON (bottomonium)(ϒ) ~9.4603026 GeV 0 ** 1-- HADRON VECTOR MESON GAUGE BOSON ~1.21×10^−20 - CHI MESON χ_b0(1P) ~9.85944 GeV 0+ 0++ HADRON MESON SCALAR BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - CHI MESON χ_b1(1P) ~9.89276 GeV 0+ 1++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - CHI MESON χ_b2(1P) ~9.91221 GeV 0+ 2++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - CHI MESON χ_b0(2P) ~10.2325 GeV 0+ 0++ HADRON MESON SCALAR BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - CHI MESON χ_b0(2P) ~10.25546 GeV 0+ 1++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - CHI MESON χ_b0(2P) ~10.26865 GeV 0+ 2++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - CHI MESON χ_b1(3P) ~10.5121 GeV 0+ 1++ HADRON MESON GAUGE BOSON ~6.3 × 10-23? - POSITIVE WEAKON (W+) ~80.4 GeV +1 1 FINITE WEAK FORCE CARRIER GAUGE BOSON <10^-24 NEUTRAL COVALENT NEGATIVE WEAKON(W-) ~80.4 GeV -1 1 FINITE WEAK FORCE CARRIER GAUGE BOSON <10^-24 NEUTRAL COVALENT NEUTRAL WEAKON (W0) ~91.2 GeV 0 ** 1 FINITE WEAK FORCE CARRIER GAUGE BOSON <10^-24 NEUTRAL COVALENT HIGGS PARTICULATE (H0) (~115Gev~125GeV~140GeV) 0 ** 0 HIGGS FIELD SCALAR BOSON ~1.56x10^22 NEUTRAL COVALENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ~ HIGGS MECHANISM MAIN CONSTITUENTS: A PARTICULATE WITH THREE PARALLEL MASS LEVELS, INFINITE PARALLEL RELATIONAL LOOPS, & A RELATIVE MEDIATION FIELD. (ALL ARE RELATIVELY IN PARALLEL BETWEEN WEAKONS & GRAVITONS) ~ THE HIGGS PARTICULATE THREE MASS LEVELS ARE IN PARALLEL, FROM WEAKONS TO GRAVITONS, WITH A MEDIATION FIELD IN BETWEEN. ~ HIGGS LOOPS: LOOPS CORRESPOND THE WEAKONS' LIBRARY WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE GRAVITONS, ie...AN INDIVIDUAL LIBRARY BOOK TITLE TO A CORRESPONDING SUBJECT OR OBJECT (PERSON, PLACE, THING). ~ HIGGS FIELD: MAINTAINS, CHECKS, & CORRELATES RESPECTIVE WEAKONS'<->GRAVITONS' LOOPS, VIA LEPTON NEUTRINOS/ANTI-LEPTON NEUTRINOS & LEPTONS/ANTI-LEPTONS. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOP QUARK (t) ~172.7 GeV +2/3 1/2 HADRON QUARK FERMION 5x10^-25 POLAR IONIC ATOM - - - - - - CHEMICAL ELEMENT DEPENDENT GRAVITON (G) 0 0e ** 2 GRAVITY FORCE CARRIER GAUGE BOSON STABLE NEUTRAL COVALENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ** OWN ANTI-PARTICLE ~ NOTE1: HADRONS = MESONS & BARYONS (EXCLUDES LEPTONS) ~ NOTE2: TOPONIUMS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO BE PHYSICALLY OBSERVABLE PER AS TOP QUARKS DECAY TOO FAST TO FORM MESONS ~ NOTE3: THE REMAINING FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES WITH UNKNOWN ENERGY EQUIVALENTS OR LIFETIMES ARE NOT LISTED 1) STRONG FORCE RANGE = 10^-15 (STRONG FORCE RELATIVE STRENGTH = 1) 2) ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE CARRIER = PHOTON = INFINITE RANGE = LIGHT COLORS CARRIER (ELECTROMAGNETIC RELATIVE STRENGTH = 10^-3) 3) WEAK FORCE RANGE = 10^-17 (WEAK FORCE RELATIVE STRENGTH = 10^-16) 4) GRAVITY FORCE CARRIER = GRAVITON = INFINITE RANGE = DENSITY (MASS/VOLUME) CARRIER (GRAVITY RELATIVE STRENGTH = 10^-41) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- QUARKONIUM & QUARKONIA ~ Quarkonium is the name given to a sub-atomic system composed of a heavy quark Q and anti-quark Q, bound by the strong interaction. ~ Quarkonia belong to the more general meson (hadrons composed of a quark anti-quark pair) family of sub-atomic particles but they deserve their own sub-classification due to the many unique properties that distinguish them from the other hadrons. ~ The large masses of the charm (c) and bottom (b) quarks compared to the light (u, d, s) quarks, endow heavy quarkonia with properties that differ significantly from those of the light mesons. ~ A quarkonium system containing a charm and anti-charm (c ¯ c) quark pair is known as charmonium, while the system containing a bottom and anti-bottom (b¯b ) quark pair is known as bottomonium. ~ Charmonium and bottomonium have both been observed in experiments. ~ The large mass of the top quark affords it with a width so large that it decays via the weak interaction on a timescale below that associated with quarkonium formation. ~ To date, quarkonia composed of top anti-top (t ¯t) quark pairs (an hypothesised system known as toponium) have not been observed experimentally. ~ NOTE2: TOPONIUMS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO BE PHYSICALLY OBSERVABLE PER AS TOP QUARKS DECAY TOO FAST TO FORM MESONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------